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Parks are not “nice to have,” they are critical social, health, and environmental infrastructure for Toronto. City parks are lifelines in extreme heat waves. Social connectors in an age of increasing polarization. Keepers of biodiversity despite ever fragmenting urban landscapes. 

To meet the biggest challenges we face in Toronto—climate change, biodiversity loss, social polarization, rising inequality—we need whole new ways to plan, design, manage, program, and govern parks. This shift requires doing things differently. It requires ensuring proper funding, sharing decision-making power, addressing inequities head-on, and prioritizing action on truth and reconciliation with Indigenous peoples. 

As Toronto faces the upcoming mayoral by-election in June, we urge candidates for Mayor to accelerate the transition to a more equitable, resilient future for city parks by working with us on the ideas presented in this platform.  

Money Matters

Credit: Jeff Tessier – Amateur Athletic Association, Hamilton.

All of the ideas in this platform require us to invest more time and money into city parks. In our 2022 survey of residents of Canadian cities, 87% said they support more investment in parks.

Responsible for 60% of Canada’s infrastructure, municipalities like Toronto receive only 10 cents on every tax dollar. 

And, the provincial government’s drastic changes to park levies and planning rules under Bill 23 will further diminish park budgets and reduce the amount of parkland created to support new growth. 

All three levels of government, each of which have responsibilities for our natural environment and human health, need to come to the table. This is easier said than done. The multiple benefits of parks—health, environmental, social, economic—actually make it harder to invest at the scale we need to. Why? Because the benefits of investing in parks are distributed across many different ministries and government departments, each of which are accountable for their own budgets and plans. That is why we need to support governments to pursue an ambitious, whole-of-government approach to investment in Toronto parks.

Investing more in city parks is not an imposition or an obligation. It is an opportunity to transform Toronto for the better. 

  

Invest in the co-benefits of parks for climate resilience and adaptation, nature connection, and biodiversity

What we know:  Ontario Place must remain a Public Waterfront Park

Big dome near water
Credit: Ontario Place, Toronto, Clémence Marcastel, August 2021

  • Ontario Place is a beautiful, free, open and accessible waterfront park that is used by more than a million people every year. With Toronto already facing challenges meeting the essential green space needs of its growing population, it is vital to keep Ontario Place a public park.  
  • And yet this amazing public asset is now at risk with the provincial government’s plan to relocate the Ontario Science Centre and push forward the development of a massive, unaffordable, 85,000 square metre private spa supported by well over half a billion dollars in taxpayer money including a 2,000 car underground garage. 
  • This redevelopment proposal will lead to the destruction of 850 trees and natural habitats, which runs counter to municipal and federal climate goals and commitment to halt biodiversity loss.  

Policy Directions:

  • Toronto must pressure the provincial government to reverse its plans and use every policy tool at its disposal to stop the spa development and keep Ontario Place a public park. Public interest, not commercial interest, must drive a new vision for Ontario Place. 

Further reading:

What we Know: Parks Mitigate Climate Impacts and are key to Toronto Climate Adaptation

People walking in ravines
Credit: Marleeville Collective and Lee’s Indigenous Boutique event (InTO the Ravines grantees), Bonnyview Ravine, Toronto.

People living in Toronto will need to adapt to hotter, wetter and more unpredictable climates. Climate change is here and is already impacting our city. With the right investment, parks can serve as climate infrastructure and provide people with critical places of refuge in hot, dense cities where a major health crisis is unfolding. 

  • Toronto’s summers are only expected to get hotter, which will lead to more heat-related deaths. This will disproportionately impact lower income, racialized communities that have fewer and lower quality green spaces.
  • The time when parks could be a few trees and grassy fields is past. We must update how we plan and design parks to better equip them to help us mitigate and adapt to climate change. Toronto has some great examples to draw from like Corktown Common, which is designed to manage flooding. But these parks are the exception, not the rule.

At the same time, people are seeking out nature more for its mental and physical health benefits. People want more places to experience nature close to home: 71% of survey respondents said they value visiting naturalized spaces within a 10-minute walk of home, such as a native plant garden or small meadow. In fact, 87% of respondents said they were in favour of more native plant species within parks—the second most requested amenity after public washrooms. Toronto’s Ravine Strategy offers a strong road-map for ensuring these vital, biodiverse natural habitats are safeguarded for the future and enjoyed by residents, but funding has remained limited. 

Policy Directions: 

Invest in the co-benefits of naturalized spaces as climate resilience infrastructure, urban biodiversity habitat and vital nature connections in Toronto. 

  • Accelerate funding for the Ravine Strategy with a focus on:
    • Critical restoration projects to ensure biodiversity and natural habitats are safeguarded.
    • Increasing accessibility and wayfinding through new and improved access points, signage, maps, and education about how to explore the ravines safely while respecting sensitive habitats.
    • Investment in ravine programming to help communities connect to nature in the ravines safely, which could include funding for community leaders to devise local initiatives.
  • Create more naturalized spaces close to where people live, such as native plant gardens and mini-meadows, to increase nature connection, climate resilience, and urban biodiversity. Include:
    • Funding for stewardship and educational opportunities in collaboration with Indigenous peoples and organizations who hold knowledge about these plants and how they fit into a larger kinship network of species. 
    • Prioritization for investments in equity-deserving neighbourhoods that have lower levels of green space and tree canopy.
  • Adopt publicly available climate resilience standards as part of every municipal Request for Proposals for new or redesigned Toronto parks. Standards should include:
    • Standards for rainwater capture and reuse (e.g., bioswales, permeable pavers).
    • Percentage of naturalized space, tree canopy coverage, and native plants.
    • On-site educational opportunities (e.g., signage, programming).

Further reading:

Fund core amenities and prioritize equity-deserving communities 

What we Know: Parks in Toronto’s Equity-Deserving Communities are Under Resourced

People sharing a meal in a park
Credit: Thorncliffe Park Autism Support Network, RV Burgess Park, Toronto, 2022.

There is a clear and growing disparity in who has access to quality green spaces in Toronto. As COVID laid bare, equity-deserving communities face complex, interrelated health crises. Toronto must recognize how race, income and the built environment conspire to make parks a pressing environmental justice issue in our city.

  • Park planning has long tracked development growth to guide investment. This has led to a growing disparity between who has access to quality green spaces and who does not because it ignores other important factors like income levels and climate change impacts. 
  • While Toronto started to move forward with an equity framework in the 2019 Parkland Strategy, concrete actions still remain limited. Recent research shows that neighbourhoods with higher proportions of racialized and lower income residents don’t have the same access to quality green spaces as whiter, wealthier neighbourhoods in Toronto. 

Park Policy Directions:

  • Equity frameworks must be embedded into park plans, and resources must be focused on equity-deserving communities where there has been historic underinvestment in parks. The following data should be used and made transparent to direct new park investments:
    • Income
    • Race and ethnicity (e.g., proportion of racialized residents)
    • Climate justice (e.g,. tree canopy coverage, urban heat islands)
    • Public health (e.g., chronic disease prevalence, mental health indicators)
    • Housing type/tenure (e.g., apartments, single-family houses)
    • Historical investment and disinvestment patterns 
  • In Toronto, the 2019 Parkland Strategy includes new measures such as income, but in order to create transparency and accountability, Toronto should follow Vancouver’s lead in not only collecting richer data, but making the information readily accessible to communities to help guide investment.

What we Know: Lack of Basic Amenities in Toronto Parks Restricts Use 

Usable parks are the bar for entry. Toronto’s parks maintenance and operating budget has not kept pace with use and demand. There’s an urgent need to increase park operating budgets to ensure basic amenities like bathrooms and water are standard in every single Toronto park.

Broken bench
Credit: High Park, Toronto, Clémence Marcastel
  • In Toronto, park washrooms are frequently closed in the winter and locked early in the summer. This failure restricts park use and contributes to accessibility barriers. Toronto has just 6.4 washrooms per 100,000, less than half the national average of 13.1. Of the 178 washrooms available, only 45 are open in the winter. 
  • Drinking fountains are dormant until late June even though our changing climate means we experience warmer weather earlier. Anger around this reached a boiling point this summer.

Park Policy Directions:

Spending on park operating budgets must start to keep pace with demand. It is basic: amenities like bathrooms and water must be the standard in every single Toronto park, with a priority focus on equity-deserving and high-use parks. Investments in basic amenities that promote park use must include: 

  • All-season washroom access with longer open hours.
  • Working water fountains & bottle fill-up stations. 
  • Daily maintenance including garbage removal and basic repairs.
  • Rain-shelter and shade structures to support all-weather use. 

Further reading:

Updated Park Governance is Key to Inclusive Parks   

There is an urgent need for new models of Toronto Park governance rooted in shared decision-making power. We need a new way of managing city parks that are more inclusive, and community-focused, and respect the land rights of Indigenous peoples and the knowledge of communities. 

What we Know: Unhoused Toronto Constituents Deserve Humane Treatment in Parks

Tagged bench
Credit: Bench with centre bars to prevent lying down in Winchester Park Toronto
  • We found that nearly two-thirds of city residents who noticed a park encampment did not feel it negatively impacted their personal use of parks.
  • There is no easy answer to park encampments, but we know there are alternatives to the violent encampment clearances we saw in Toronto in the summer of 2021. In 2021, City Council rejected a motion to co-create a strategy with encampment residents—this was a mistake.

Policy Directions:

  • Toronto must fulfill its human rights obligations to people sheltering in parks as outlined in the UN National Protocol for Encampments in Canada—and as Toronto organizations called for in a joint statement. The city needs to act on the Ombudsman’s recommendations.
  • Toronto must develop an encampment strategy in collaboration with unhoused residents and community partners. The strategy can guide decision-making on park issues affecting unhoused communities, identifying core values such as harm reduction, reconciliation, and leadership of people with lived experience. 

What we Know: Truth and Reconciliation Must be Advanced in Toronto Parks

5 people standing with a log "Turtle protectors"
Credit: High Park Turtle Protectors, High Park, Toronto.
  • Toronto has taken positive steps with the adoption of a “place-keeping” strategy and engagement with Indigenous peoples in the Toronto Island Park Master Plan. There are also some excellent recommendations for supporting reconciliation in parks in Toronto’s recently passed Reconciliation Action Plan. But concrete resources and action plans must be created to move forward with deeper collaboration and shared stewardship, applying practices already being implemented in Canadian municipalities

Policy Directions:

  • Begin to work immediately with communities to implement and fully fund the recommendations for parks in the Reconciliation Action Plan
  • Expand commitments to working with treaty & territorial partners, urban Indigenous communities and organizations to explore co-management and collaborative governance opportunities in Toronto, including funding for this work.
  • Establish co-management and collaborative governance initiatives with treaty & territorial partners, urban Indigenous communities and organizations in Toronto, which include:
    • Shared decision-making in park management (e.g., permitting)
    • Maintenance practices and stewardship (e.g., plant care)
    • Park (re)naming, programming, and cultural use
    • Park planning and design practices

What we Know: Power Sharing Impacts Communities

A man planting a plant
Credit: TD Park People Grants, Friends of Corktown Common, Corktown, Toronto.

Over the past several years, communities have been actively working to decentralize power in institutional spaces. It is time for Toronto to give communities more decision-making power on the park issues that affect them most, particularly in equity-deserving communities.  

  • A dismal 22% of residents of Canadian cities said they felt they had a voice in influencing decision-making about their local park. 
  • New strategies are needed to ensure people feel able to get involved, including overhauling confusing and costly permits for community programming.
  • The work of Toronto’s park consultation staff on a more meaningful engagement strategy is certainly a step in the right direction, but it’s just the beginning.

Policy Directions:

  • Co-create neighbourhood-level park plans with Toronto residents and community organizations that:
    • Identify opportunities for park improvements, acquisitions, and programming within a defined local area.
    • Examine both the quantity and quality (e.g., amenities, cultural relevance) of public space and opportunities for how parks can contribute to social cohesion.
    • Include all publicly accessible open spaces (e.g. parks, streets, laneways, schoolyards, hydro corridors, etc.).
    • Prioritize “quick start” projects to implement first or trial during the development of the plan so action is not held up.
  • Break down barriers for community programming and offer more targeted support, including:
    • Remove park permit fees for equity-deserving communities as well as all Indigenous programming and cultural ceremonies.
    • Designate a staff contact for engagement with community park groups to facilitate programming opportunities.
    • Reduce barriers to community-based economic development in parks (e.g., local markets, fresh food stands, culturally responsive food kiosks/cafes) through grants, reduced permits, or free/reduced leases.
  • Deepen engagement opportunities and longer-term community involvement:
    • Incorporate discussions of social life and cultural practices into park consultations.
    • Employ local residents to co-lead engagement processes.
    • Fund a community programming plan for after the ribbon is cut.

Residents of Canada should be prepared to feel the heat as our climate warms up at twice the global rate. Unfortunately, this means extreme heat events will become hotter, longer, and increasingly commonplace, which does not bode well for our cities. Because of urban heat island – a phenomenon where metropolitan areas experience higher temperatures than outlying areas due to factors like limited greenery and waste heat from densely-packed people –urbanites will feel the heat more than others. 

At this time, we should be looking at our cities for solutions  – specifically, our parks. Natural landscapes, like parks, mitigate urban heat islands by creating cooler microclimates, which help shield us from the sweltering heat. 

In this resource, Park People will outline ways to help you host events in your local parks during extreme heat events. 

Who Gets to Cool Down?

Recent research shows that racialized and lower-income neighbourhoods in Canada often have less access to quality green spaces than wealthier, whiter areas—and are more exposed to urban heat islands. Even commuting to a park can involve unexpected barriers. 

When access to parks is limited, staying cool in summer becomes a matter of health equity, one that puts already marginalized communities at greater risk.


Two black people animating a roller skating event
Source: Melanin Skate Crew, McCowan Park, Toronto.

Beat the heat with these tips and tricks

Here are some general guidelines to remember when organizing your park event when it’s hot outside: 

  • Limit outdoor activities to before 10 AM and after 4 PM when the sun’s UV radiation is the weakest. Spend the hottest part of the day in air-conditioned places, like libraries or community centers. 
  • Make sure to provide sheltered areas (e.g. tree canopies and tents) for guests to take refuge from the sun.  
  • Request guests to wear light-coloured, loose-fitting, and thin clothing! You could provide or ask attendants to bring wide-brim hats, sunscreen, sunglasses, and umbrellas for protection.
  • Prevent sunburns because they compromise the body’s ability to cool down. Advise guests to reapply sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher every two hours. 
  • Look for humidexes when checking local weather forecasts because they describe how hot people will feel. 
  • Practice responsible stewardship. Park staff have reported having to clean up massive amounts of trash, so please remember that part of enjoying nature includes cleaning up. 

Don’t forget about food & beverages

Providing refreshing food and drinks is a great way to ensure guests stay happy, healthy, and hydrated. When drafting your menu, here are some considerations to keep at the back of your mind: 

  • Have a hydration station with access to water, sports drinks, and other beverages.
    • Remind your guests not to wait until they feel thirsty to take a sip of water! Health authorities recommend drinking six to eight glasses of water per day. 
    • Drink two to four glasses of water every hour if you exercise or do strenuous work in the heat.
    • Bring produce with high water content, such as oranges and tomatoes, which can be another source of hydration. 
  • Set up near a park water fountain for easy access to an unlimited water source. However, remember to make sure other park-goers can also access the fountain. See below for links to maps of water fountain locations. 
  • Try to limit alcohol consumption. Alcohol can be very dehydrating and when coupled with extreme heat, can increase the risk of dehydration and heat-related illness. If you will be drinking, opt for beverages with lower alcohol content, like light beers and ciders. 
  • Remember that sweating can lead to a loss of electrolytes. If your event lasts longer than an hour, consider providing snacks with minerals, like magnesium and potassium, or sports drinks for guests to replenish themselves. 

Make sure meals and snacks are kept at the correct temperature to prevent food-borne illnesses and stop food from spoiling quickly in the heat. Check out Canada’s food safety website for ways to correctly and safely handle food stuffs.

People enjoying summer in a park
Source: Park People, Ross Park, Vancouver.

Keep an eye out for heat-related illness

With extreme heat events also comes heat-related illness – when the body becomes hotter faster than it can cool down. Luckily, heat-related illness is preventable, so it is essential that you take the time to understand and prepare for it. 

  • Familiarize yourselves with heat exhaustion and heat stroke symptoms, and stay vigilant. Regularly check in with children, people with chronic illnesses, and seniors because they may be more vulnerable. Here’s a poster from the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health Safety and a link from the Canadian Red Cross. 
  • Remember to also check in with your volunteers, staff members, and event organizers to ensure they get enough breaks, keep cool, and stay hydrated, and remember to set some time aside for yourself as well! 
  • Have a medical emergency plan that covers access to medical assistance and shaded areas and identifies the nearest indoor cool spaces. See below for links. 
  • Have a contingency plan in case of air pollution from wildfire season or the heat worsens. You may have to be flexible and ready to move indoors, postpone, or even cancel your event. 
  • Bring a first aid kit with supplies to treat heat exhaustion, such as a cooler stocked with bottles of cool water, DIY misters using spray bottles, and cooling gel or ice packs. 
  • For more information, refer to these heat-related illness guides from the B.C., Ontario, and Québec governments. 

Municipal and National Resources: 

Leading up to the event, consult local weather forecasts and advisories. It may also be a good idea to get a lay of the land and determine where amenities are in the park. Here are a few resources to help with planning: 

Vancouver

  • Website for maps of misting stations, cooling centres, and more 
  • Map of water fountains, handwashing stations, and misting stations

Toronto

  • Map of washrooms and sources of potable water 
  • Map that lets you filter out locations by available amenities (water fountains, pools, community centers, etc.)

Montréal 

  • Map of misting stations, cooling centres, and more 

National 

  • For Environment Canada public weather alerts, check out this link
  • For weather alerts and advisories, visit the Alertable website.

Large urban parks are critical spaces for city residents to build meaningful connections to nature and each other. We already know that people who engage in hands-on, nature-focused activities in parks experience powerful social connections; a sense of belonging, meaning and purpose in their lives; greater physical health; and overall life satisfaction. We need more parks that can lead by example in extending those benefits to equity-deserving communities across Canada.   

This summer, Park People welcomes new partners into the Cornerstone Parks program. Everett Crowley Park & the Champlain Height Trails join founding parks High ParkMount Royal and Stanley Park and new members: the Darlington Ecological Corridor and Meewasin Valley Authority. Together they hold space for nature in cities and demonstrate what’s possible for communities within large urban parks.

Sharing the benefits

The Cornerstone Parks Reports on Stewardship and Park Use demonstrate that volunteer park stewardship makes people healthier and happier. Among the findings:

  • 99% of volunteer stewards say stewardship makes them feel happy and satisfied
  • 97% say stewardship contributes to their mental well-being
  • 90% say stewardship contributes to their physical health     

Unfortunately, these benefits aren’t equitably enjoyed:

  • 68% of surveyed sizeable urban park users identify as cis-gendered women
  • 86% identify as able-bodied
  • 76% identify as white  

The Canadian City Parks Report also found that post-pandemic, surveyed BIPOC Canadians became more interested in stewardship activities (70%) than white respondents (54%). 

So what are the ongoing barriers to park stewardship for diverse communities? And who is helping to support those communities’ well-being by overcoming them?

Source: Everett Crowley Park Committee

In equity-deserving communities such as Champlain Heights in South Vancouver, B.C., park groups play a crucial role in supporting residents’ health and well-being. Champlain Heights contains a former city landfill and now boasts the fifth largest park in Vancouver, Everett Crowley. Everett Crowley is a 40-hectare park home to Avalon Pond and Kinross Creek, which provide critical habitats for birds, amphibians, fish, and other wildlife. The park and adjoining Champlain Heights trail system are part of the only 4% of native forest remaining in the city. Champlain Heights has hundreds of low-income, co-op, strata, and seniors’ housing units alongside some of the city’s oldest trees. 

The City of Vancouver dedicated Everett Crowley Park in 1987 after lobbying by local residents. Those residents then created the Everett Crowley Park Committee (ECPC), a sub-committee of the Champlain Heights Community Association. The committee’s mission is to encourage stewardship of this resilient urban forest by hosting community stewardship events, outdoor education, and an annual Earth Day festival. In 2022, 306 volunteers contributed nearly 1,000 hours towards park stewardship, removing approximately 80 cubic meters of invasive plants. 

Just east of Everett Crowley, another stewardship group is hard at work in the trail system that winds through Champlain Heights. In 2021, local residents noticed invasive plants taking over the trails. Together they formed Free the Fern. Like the ECPC, Free the Fern brings their community together through environmental stewardship activities such as invasive plant pulls and native planting events. Since 2021, their 277 volunteers have removed 50.33 tons of invasive plants. They’ve also planted over 1,300 native plants. 

Catalyzing social impact through parks 

“Parks are not simply places of respite with grass and trees. They are critical pieces of the social infrastructure of our cities. We believe they have a role to play in creating more inclusive, equitable places shaped by and for the people living there.”

Sparking Change Report

Our Sparking Change Report suggests five ways of catalyzing social impact through parks, particularly in underserved neighbourhoods:

  1. Creating a sense of change and shared ownership
  2. Building confidence and inspiring civic leaders
  3. Reducing social isolation and creating inclusive communities
  4. Providing a place for diverse people to gather 
  5. Supporting local economic development

We spoke with Grace Nombrado, Executive Director of Free the Fern, to understand how these five factors appear in Champlain Heights.  

Source: Free the Fern, with Grace Nombrado

1. Shared ownership

Becoming involved in a local park can foster a sense of possibility, creating momentum for change that can galvanize others. One strategy for creating shared ownership is pairing park improvements with conversations about ongoing community involvement.   

The Champlain Heights Community Centre is jointly operated by the Vancouver Park Board and the Champlain Heights Community Association (CHCA). The CHCA is also the steward of Everett Crowley Park. The community centre is a neighbourhood “anchor” that offers residents leisure activities and an entry point for involvement in the park and trails. Through community events, notice boards, and tool storage, the centre creates a relationship between the (indoor) resources available to community members and their potential to create change through improvements within the park, along the trails, and beyond.    

2. Inspiring leaders 

Building skills and confidence through volunteering in the park can ripple outwards, leading to greater civic engagement. Hiring a community organizer from within the local neighbourhood can be a crucial support pillar for volunteers. This helps build capacity and ensure groups remain community-led.

 As Free the Fern’s founder-turned-Executive Director, Grace is a passionate volunteer who recruits, coordinates, and supports fellow neighbourhood stewards. “All our current 9 board members live within the neighbourhood of Champlain Heights,” Grace notes.

“Most of our volunteers who attend our monthly pulls and fall planting live a short walk from the trail. This year, as part of our Native Food Forest project, we have incorporated outreach events so that the larger community can be informed and share their ideas with the project. We distribute flyers to townhouses adjacent to the trail and post them on local community Facebook groups. In addition, we have signage on the trail that directs people to our website to learn more and get involved with Free the Fern. It is so important that those living within this neighbourhood have a hand in stewarding the Champlain Heights Trail system.” 

Grace Nombrado, Executive Director of Free the Fern

3. Creating inclusive communities

While improving a park’s physical infrastructure can invite more people to use it, what really brings a park to life are activities and events that engage people in meaningful ways. Park programming needs to be inclusive and representative of the local community.

“Inclusivity is a journey, one that will continue as long as you seek to understand and better serve your community,” Grace says. “I have learned so much about how to be more inclusive by listening to volunteers.” She cites stories of community members directly shaping Free the Fern’s inclusion practices: from purchasing extendable garden tools for wheelchair users and ergonomic tools for people with arthritis to offering free food and beverage for volunteers and ensuring all events remain free. Future plans include budgeting for babysitting at events and offering prepaid transit vouchers.

“Everyone deserves access to environmental education, no matter their financial situation.” 

Grace Nombrado

4. Providing a place for diverse people to gather

Parks have a long history as democratic spaces, catalyzing interactions between people of different backgrounds. It’s important to recognize and remove barriers to those people working together. One strategy is for municipalities to review park oversight through an equity lens to ensure they are not creating obstacles–like a lack of clarity around park management and what’s permitted.

“When people ask me, ‘Is this city land?’, I say, ‘Yes, and WE are the city.’ We, as citizens, should see park spaces as spaces for all of us. Spaces for us to gather and spaces for us to care and connect with the land.” 

Grace Nombrado

Grace talks about balancing the initial fear of breaking city rules with a determination to be transparent. Free the Fern formed when diverse citizens decided to steward the land together. The city was not sure what to do to support the group. Should they set safety guidelines? Who in the city should oversee the group? Just as the process seemed to be getting tangled in red tape, Free the Fern decided to invite the city workers on a tour of the trail. Walking past hundreds of ferns, Oregon grapes, huckleberries and Douglas firs, the city workers were impressed that local citizens had accomplished so much on their own. The city pledged full support for Free the Fern’s stewardship effort.  

5. Supporting local economic development

The economic effect of parks is often spoken about in terms of increasing property values. This sometimes sparks concerns about gentrification. However, parks can offer many benefits to people living in the community–including leverage.

“Champlain Heights [is] an experimental mixed-income neighbourhood built in the late ‘70s,” Grace explains. “Rather than single-family homes, the city chose to build townhouse complexes here–a mix of strata, co-op, low-income, and senior townhouses… Many of these co-op townhouse leases are coming to the end of their term. There is a concern if the city will renew leases or if they will choose to redevelop our neighbourhood, perhaps to include towers for higher density levels.” 

“The Champlain Heights trail system, a strip of the original Douglas fir forest, is also on leasehold land and not protected from development. One of the best ways citizens can protect the trail from development is to steward it. By removing the invasive plants and replanting native plants, we show that the trail system is a thriving, biodiverse ecosystem rather than a hazardous area. By connecting as a community and volunteering, we also increase the connections with each other and future chances for advocating in the neighbourhood as leases run out. With our thriving, diverse community, we have proved that this ‘experimental’ neighbourhood of Champlain Heights works.” 

Source: Free the Fern

Volunteer park stewardship has the potential to make all people healthier and happier. However, our ability to extend these benefits to equity-deserving communities like Champlain Heights relies on reducing barriers to engagement. Free the Fern and the Everett Crowley Park Committee are critical additions to Cornerstone Parks, as they demonstrate what’s possible in their neighbourhood. 

Cornerstone Parks lead by example. They offer opportunities for people of all identitiesageslanguages, and abilities to pursue health and happiness through park stewardship. Read the Cornerstone Parks Reports to understand how park stewardship makes us happier and healthier. And follow our new partners, Free the Fern and the ECPC, as they demonstrate how you can better support your equity-deserving communities.

Les Amis de la Montagne, Stanley Park Ecology Society and High Park Nature Centre, three of Canada’s most successful and longest-standing park-based non-profit organizations, were among the 100 Delegates in attendance when Park People launched its national network at the Heart of the City Conference in Calgary in 2017.

As Park People expanded its national programs and launched the first Canadian City Parks Report, we learned of the immense impact of these groups. For example, while four million people visit Banff National Park every year, over 8 million visit Mont-Royal – 30,000 times more visitors per acre of parkland. In fact, taken together, these three large urban parks see more than 17 million visitors every year.

Over the course of the pandemic, Park People began hosting a series of virtual “cinq a sept” sessions with large urban park organizations to delve deeper into how we could best serve these groups so they could, in turn, maximize solutions to make our cities greener and more resilient in the face of a changing climate. We learned that these large urban parks need recognition and funding to support their immense contribution to climate change and community resilience.

During the pandemic, Canadians flocked to Mount Royal, Stanley Park and High Park in never-before-seen numbers. In Park People’s own survey, we found that almost three-quarters (70%) of Canadians said their appreciation for parks and green spaces has increased during COVID-19. It’s clear that even as vaccines bring the end of the pandemic into view, there will continue to be unprecedented pressures on the unique ecosystems found in these parks.

Kids running and playing in a park
Les amis de la montagne, Camp de jou, Freddy Arciniegas, 2019

Today, Park People is excited to be launching Cornerstone Parks, the first-of-its-kind national collaboration to revitalize the green infrastructure of the country’s largest urban parks and celebrate their incomparable value to overall wellbeing. We call them ‘Cornerstone Parks’ to express how central they are to our cities.

A Cornerstone Park is defined as a large urban green space that contributes biodiversity, ecosystem services, and multiple parks uses to the community at large. In these parks, City staff, local and park-based NGOs, and community leaders facilitate activities focused on environmental education and stewardship, to engage people from diverse backgrounds in connecting to nature and to each other. These Cornerstone Parks provide invaluable environmental and social benefits to our urban environments that make our communities healthier and more resilient to the effects of climate change.

In the first year, Park People is bringing these three groups together to support their ecosystem revitalization efforts. In Toronto’s High Park, funding will improve wetland health and restore the globally rare Black Oak Savanna habitat by removing invasive species. Efforts in Montreal’s Mont-Royal will likewise mutually benefit the park’s forests and wetlands. Through planting and stewardship work, the restored marsh will be better able to absorb stormwater thus improving groundwater quality and the habitat for species. This will reduce erosion and surface water runoff that damages the forest. In Stanley Park, by planting 500 native trees and shrubs and removing 10,000 square metres of invasive species, efforts will enhance the health of this coastal temperate rainforest that serves as a powerful carbon store and wildlife habitat in downtown Vancouver.

“Today, we understand nature’s role in restoring our sense of well-being. We need to go further and take a bigger view on how restoring nature actually makes our cities more resilient to the impacts of climate change.”

Sara Street, Executive Director of High Park Nature Centre

In addition to supporting critical restoration work, Cornerstone Parks will act as a backbone to connect these large urban park NGOs together to establish a forum for the exchange of knowledge and sharing of best practices. The Cornerstone Parks program will be underpinned by a rigorous impact evaluation to measure and amplify learnings about the value of large urban parks for community well-being and ecosystems.

Two stewardship volunteer near a lake
Stanley Park Ecology Society

“By working as a group, we can make a greater difference, scale up our work and tell our collective story in a way that none of us can do alone.”

Dylan Rawlyk, Executive Director at Stanley Park Ecology Society

“Cornerstone Parks recognizes we have so much to share with, and so much to learn from, our fellow non-governmental parks organizations across the country. Park People is bringing much-needed awareness to how important these green spaces are, and providing us with the necessary framework to revitalize the ecosystems.”

Hélène Panaioti, Executive director of Les amis de la montagne

The long-term vision of the program is to ensure that there is an ecologically and socially vibrant Cornerstone park within reach of every urban Canadian. Park People’s Program Director Natalie Brown says.

“Large urban parks offer so much value for cities. Park People’s providing a backbone to strengthen their work and galvanize support for more large urban parks. There’s no question that there are large-scale precious landscapes that could serve climate change and community goals. We couldn’t be more excited to help make it happen.”

Natalie Brown, Program Director at Park People

Through its National Network, Park People will identify other large parks across Canada where investments and a connection to the network will provide maximum ecological and community benefits.

A conversation with Michelle Dobbie, Manager Park and Natural Heritage Planning, City of Richmond Hill

This case study is part of the 2023 Canadian City Parks Report, showcasing Inspiring projects, people, and policies from across Canada that offer tangible solutions to the most pressing challenges facing city parks.

Summary

  • Ontario’s Bill 23 changed the amount of parkland and cash-in-lieu that municipalities receive, triggering concern about achieving municipal parkland goals.
  • An inter-municipal working group helped digest the legislation, share information, and devise advocacy strategies.
  • While the legislation remained mostly unchanged, the group was able to push back on certain elements and create long-term knowledge-sharing relationships.

Can you explain what Bill 23 is and the way it changes park development in Ontario?

It’s provincial legislation that amends the Planning Act, which governs how parkland is conveyed to municipalities, and the Development Charges Act, which governs how growth-related parkland and park facilities are funded. The bill has reduced the amount of parkland that municipalities will see conveyed, as well as the amount of funding to develop park amenities. It will also impact what types of parkland are acceptable in the future, subject to future regulations, including encumbered land and POPS (privately owned public space).

What do you think the rationale was on the provincial government’s side for making these changes?

I think the province was hearing a lot of consternation from the development industry on different fees that are charged to build housing. There was a lot of advocacy from the housing industry showing how much these fees added to the cost of new housing. And also how certain municipalities were not spending their parkland reserves. I think that those two things together, combined with the provincial government’s desire to provide more housing quickly, is what led to those changes.

A person walking on a bridge in the middle of vegetation
West Humber River, Greenbelt River Valley Connector Program

What are some of the short and long-term consequences of the changes?

On the short term side, a lot of municipalities are looking at their capital plan and trying to figure out whether they can still afford those things. In the long-term, I would say that communities built post-Bill 23 will have less parkland than pre-Bill 23 communities, so there is likely to be a bit of an inequity over time.

Why was it important to convene with other municipalities to discuss the implications of this bill? What did you hope would result?

It was mostly about knowledge-sharing and helping each other understand how we were anticipating advocating. Whether different municipalities were looking to advocate themselves or whether they were looking to advocate by way of other groups, like professional parks associations. There are now 12 participating municipalities represented by managers or senior park planners. People read things differently, so it was good to see how other people were understanding it and what they had heard from their sources.

People walking on  a bridge in the middle of vegetation
Headwater hike, Greenbelt, Park People

What kind of strategies did you use to get your message across?

We were focusing on council briefing notes and advocating messages through the Association of Municipalities in Ontario, Ontario Landscape Association, and the Ontario Professional Planners Institute who seemed to have a bit more of the ear of the government. There wasn’t much of a push to do a public campaign because the deadlines were just so quick.

What was the impact of this advocacy work?

They didn’t make changes to the reduced amount of parkland that municipalities will see conveyed or provided as cash-in-lieu, but they did claw back on developers providing encumbered land or POPS. That is now subject to future regulation, which hopefully will come with criteria such as land within walking distance of the site. And the proposal that developers would be able to suggest lands that are off site to be conveyed–that’s subject to future regulation as well. Those were some pretty good changes.

We also continue to hold monthly virtual forums when participants have questions or issues. Additionally, we email each other with issues that arise where we can learn from each other.

What advice do you have for other municipal practitioners in Canada who may find themselves needing to advocate against provincial changes?

I think what makes progress is when a number of different groups with credibility on a specific matter are on the same message. So figure out the groups that are aligned with your position and then emphasize the same key messages and concerns. If you can get a sense of which groups are being listened to by the provincial government, then you have a chance of your message being heard a little bit louder than if you go it alone. Sometimes you’ll be successful and sometimes you won’t. But every small gain on the things we’re dealing with–the places where people play–is a gain that is useful.

Recommendations

  • Building strong intermunicipal working groups can help align actions in specific advocacy moments, but can also create a long-term forum to share knowledge and strategies on other park issues.
  • If time allows, a public campaign can help spread awareness of provincial changes by demystifying often opaque legislative changes, situating them as real world impacts in people’s lives, and encouraging residents and community associations to voice their concern with their representatives.
  • Building a cross-sectoral coalition of groups, including municipalities and professional organizations as well as aligned community groups and non-profits, can be a more powerful way to get the ear of government than advocating municipality by municipality.

Naturalizing the mouth of Toronto’s Don River

This case study is part of the 2023 Canadian City Parks Report, showcasing Inspiring projects, people, and policies from across Canada that offer tangible solutions to the most pressing challenges facing city parks.

Summary

  • Many Canadian cities have networks of streams that were buried or channelized as part of urban development processes that viewed nature as an obstacle to be tamed.
  • Recent “daylighting” projects to restore buried streams are taking place to restore biodiversity, watershed health, and manage flooding due to climate change.
  • Toronto’s Don Mouth Naturalization project is the largest such project in the country, using techniques that will work with water flows rather than against them.

The Don River, which runs north-south through Toronto and ends at Lake Ontario, has a long and complicated history. As The Globe and Mail points out, the river has provided transportation and food for Indigenous Peoples, been a boon to beekeepers, used as an industrial and human waste dump, was once perfumed for a royal visit, caught on fire twice, and finally was partially filled in and straightened in the early late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In the words of Jennifer Bonnell, York University professor and author of Reclaiming the Don: the Don is the “most-messed-with-river” in Canada.

Toronto isn’t alone in mistreating its waterways. Many Canadian cities went on a similar crusade of burying, channelizing or filling in streams, rivers, and marshes to make way for urban development. Nature was often viewed as a thing to be tamed, rather than a force to be understood and respected.

Our survey found that 17% of cities have projects, planned or completed, to “daylight” buried rivers by restoring them to the surface, such as Vancouver’s Tatlow and Volunteer Park Stream Restoration project. Other projects approach daylighting through public art, as in the case of Toronto’s Garrison Creek, including murals that celebrate the importance of water to Indigenous Peoples.

Toronto is currently deep into a years-long, billion dollar project to “un-mess” the Don River. Led by Waterfront Toronto in coordination with the City of Toronto, the Don Mouth Naturalization and Port Lands Flood Protection project, aims to restore natural habitat and safeguard adjacent areas from flooding at the same time.

A wiman hlding an explanation paper with a map on a construction site
Don River Naturalization Project, Waterfront Toronto, 2023. Credit: Sean Brathwaite, Park People.

Waterfront Toronto is designing with natural forces rather than against them in the Don Mouth Naturalization project. By re-introducing the river’s meandering path as it meets the lake, the project will slow the flow of water, while new riverbanks are designed specifically to flood, protecting new neighbourhoods that will be built up around them. In a major storm–more common due to climate change–the Don River could see “water equivalent to two-thirds of Niagara Falls” flow down its length.

As Waterfront Toronto Parks and Public Realm Project Director Shannon Baker told Park People in 2021, the goal is not to block water or prevent it from rising and ebbing, but “to accept it and just be resilient to it in the same way that a natural system would be.” For example, vegetation was carefully selected for species that “can bend and flex and allow water to move through.” The riverbank is divided up into different sections from upland forest at the top of bank down to submergent (underwater) marsh, each with their own planting palette.

Construction site with tractors
Don River Naturalization Project, Waterfront Toronto, 2023. Credit: Sean Brathwaite, Park People.

The task is gargantuan–the largest urban construction project in the country. It has involved moving and cleaning tons of earth, shaping and stabilizing riverbanks using techniques like wood anchors and shale rock, and plantings to support a new river ecology and habitats. Finally park spaces will be created along the edges with various programming, including new trails, beaches, and areas for boat launches to allow for more interaction with the lake.

In the end, by placing the rivermouth back in its natural state, the hope is that all of this engineering will be invisible to anyone enjoying the newly created spaces. While the scale of this project is enormous, it still offers lessons for other cities looking to renaturalize and daylight formerly buried and channeled waterways, reconfiguring their relationship to water from one of control to one of mutual respect.

Recommendations

  • Raise public awareness of buried urban streams and channelized waterways by publishing maps, partnering with organizations to offer guided walks, and commissioning public art.
  • Explore opportunities in new or existing parks to daylight portions of buried urban streams to advance both climate change resilience goals (e.g., flood protection, water infiltration, increased biodiversity) and recreation opportunities (e.g., water interaction, natural respite).
  • Integrate lessons on working with water rather than against it into smaller park projects by introducing green infrastructure elements like rain gardens, bioswales, and permeable paving where possible.

I’ve always been drawn to the sun. Like a housecat, I’ll seek out a sunbeam and bask in it all day. Needless to say, the dark and damp Vancouver winters aren’t usually my favourite time of the year. 

But I’m proud to announce that this was the year I finally pushed myself to get outside and brave the elements. And I’ve never appreciated the wet winter weather more!

Feelings of freedom and pure joy overtook me as I welcomed the raindrops splashing on my face. I felt like a little kid again as I ignored all the usual nagging worries of frizzy hair. I accepted the rain and to my surprise, it was delightful.

Since we can’t pick and choose our weather, it’s important to get outside and enjoy nature—no matter what the forecast. 

Here are 10 drizzle-friendly ideas for easy family activities, plus some guidance for parks groups looking to organize all-weather events for the public. We promise they’ll have you looking forward to the next rainy day.

A little girl smiling an playing under the rain
Credit: Camilla Topola

10 Great Rainy-Day Activities

  1. Invasive pulls. Pulling out invasive weeds in the rain is much easier as the soil turns into soft mud. It’s a lot of fun, can be great exercise, and it gives you a sense of accomplishment by helping to protect our native biodiversity. To get started, consider volunteering with groups such as SPES, Free the Fern, Everett Crowley Park Committee, the Lower Mainland Green Team, or Wildcoast Ecological to join group activities, and to learn more about which weeds are best to pull in your area.
  2. Adopt a catch basin. When it rains, leaves, debris, and litter can block catch basins and stop rainwater from properly draining. By “adopting” a catch basin and keeping it clear for you and your neighbours, you’ll help to protect water quality, reduce the risk of flooding, and keep the sidewalks dry—while having fun. Plus, Mmny municipalities run adoption programs where they send materials, training guides, and safety equipment for volunteers.
  3. Have a mini boat race. Here’s a great idea for kids (and the young at heart). Create a little raft using natural materials like leaves, then float them down a small stream to see who’s the fastest. Make sure you only use biodegradable materials that have already fallen from trees and bushes, in case your raft accidentally floats into a storm drain. To get started, read this resource on honourable harvesting.
  4. Go dancing. Anyone who says sunshine brings happiness has never danced in the rain. Make your own “Dancing in the Rain” playlist, or try this one on Spotify. Pop in your headphones (or borrow some waterproof speakers), put on your rain gear, and twirl away. You can even channel your inner Gene Kelly and use your umbrella as a prop—just make sure everyone is spaced out far enough so that nobody gets an unwanted poke in the eye. 
  5. Host a rain gear fashion show. Who says Gore-Tex can’t be chic? We’re inspired by Single Line Theatre’s Umbrella Fashion Show, where contestants competed to present the most creatively decorated umbrella. Organize your own runway show by embellishing your waterproof outfits with unique accessories. 
  6. Make a mud sculpture. When’s the last time you got really muddy? Mud is a textural wonder that both kids and adults love to play with. Better yet, scientists have found that soil-based microbes like Mycobacterium vaccae may stimulate serotonin production, which makes you relaxed and happier. While you can always play with mud on a sunny day by adding water to soil, it’s great to take advantage of the rain to help wash you off after you’re all done. Clean up’s a breeze!
  7. Make rain art. There are countless ways to incorporate rain into art activities. Rain transforms watercolours and chalk, so take some paper outside and see what patterns the raindrops leave on your canvas. If you really want to stay dry, try shining some flashlights at a wall—the shadows from the raindrops can look beautiful.
  8. Get musical. Grab pots of different sizes and place them out in the rain to see what sounds the raindrops make. If you’re feeling ambitious, consider making your own version of one of the winning entries in the Life Between Umbrellas competition to create wind chimes. Try different kinds of materials to see if you can come up with the next #1 hit! 
  9. Take a nature walk. The same trails you walk on sunny days may transform in the rain with different sounds, smells, and colours. As a plus, the tree canopy should also help to keep you dry while you explore.  Keep a special eye out for ducks and slugs that may be hiding in the bushes when the sun is out. Hot tip: in Vancouver, bird watching is actually better in winter than in summer. Our mild temperatures and rich coastal habitats are like a magnet to seabirds and songbirds, plus it’s owls’ breeding season. 
  10. Wait for a snow blitz. Of course, every once in a while we get a little bit of snow in Vancouver. Esther Moreno, an inspirational leader in the Fraserview community, never lets a rare Vancouver snow dump go to waste. She texts and calls all her neighbours whenever there’s snow in the forecast and keeps extra layers, sleds, and hot chocolate handy to share when the time is right. If you follow Esther’s lead, organize a meeting spot in advance and keep an inventory of the winter items that neighbours are willing to share so that everyone can participate.

A man and a toddler going for a walk in a park under the rain
Credit: Camilla Topola

Tips for Parks Groups

  • Help people prepare. Make it clear that your event will be held rain or shine. To get people excited, talk about the unique charm of getting outside in the rain in your promotions. Include a reminder to “dress for the weather” in all communications and event details, and offer a prep-list for participants. 
  • Bring extra gear: The Norwegians have a saying, “there is no bad weather, only bad clothing.” Coordinate with your fellow organizers to bring backup umbrellas, slickers, or waterproof ponchos in case participants need a little extra rain protection. 
  • Offer themed programming. Host talks or workshops about the benefits of rain for ecosystems, gardens, and wildlife. Highlight how plants and animals adjust to the rain with guided tours or scavenger hunts.
  • Keep things cozy. Serve warm beverages (like coffee, tea, or hot chocolate) and snacks to keep participants comfortable. Set up a sheltered area with towels or hand dryers, and if permitted, include portable heaters or fire pits for warmth.

Do you have any other tips or ideas for rainy day activities? We’d love to hear from you!

Co-management of Montreal’s Darlington Ecological Corridor

This case study is part of the 2023 Canadian City Parks Report, showcasing Inspiring projects, people, and policies from across Canada that offer tangible solutions to the most pressing challenges facing city parks.

Summary

  • The Darlington Ecological Corridor repurposes a former train corridor into a vital link between urban and natural spaces, prioritizing ecological restoration and social well-being.
  • This initiative employs an innovative co-management structure, sharing responsibilities through management agreements with partners.
  • Originally focused on ecological solutions, the project’s scope has expanded to address pressing social needs through meaningful partnerships, thanks to the effective shared governance model.

As many cities struggle to find ‘new’ parkland in dense urban areas, one Montreal initiative highlights the power of partnerships to make use of what’s already there.

Nestled within Montreal’s Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough, the Darlington Ecological Corridor was founded by Alexandre Beaudoin, Biodiversity Advisor at the Université de Montréal. The goal of the project was to bridge the nature flowing from Mount Royal into the urban landscape, providing new passageways for both wildlife and residents.

Tying together a patchwork of open spaces along a former railroad, the project connects land fragmented along lines of ownership into a cohesive green corridor by fostering collaboration.

The Darlington Ecological Corridor uses an innovative co-management model integrating diverse stakeholders. By uniting academic institutions, community organizations, non-profits, experts, and local residents, the project weaves together several priorities into a coherent vision that serves both the community and nature.

Map of the Darlington Ecological Corridor
Map of the corridor, Darlington Ecological Corridor.

The concept of co-management involves engaging a network of partners working collaboratively, with well-defined roles and responsibilities outlined through management agreements. In this model, Éco-pivot serves as the trustee, providing administrative support and oversight. Université de Montréal contributes academic insight, with 19 master’s students currently dedicated to the project and shaping its evolution. The borough plays a pivotal role, providing a dedicated staff person to anchor the project within the borough’s institutional framework. This tangible commitment by the local government legitimizes the project’s significance within the community and ensures its alignment with broader objectives.

Several people sitting and talking with a map of the Darlington Ecological Corridor on the table
Co-management workshop, Darlington Ecological Corridor, Park People, Vincent Fréchette, Montreal, 2022

A distinguishing feature of the Darlington Ecological Corridor’s governance model is its adaptability. Over time, through community and partner involvement, the project has broadened its mission, assuming a larger role in addressing social challenges. This evolution is exemplified by a partnership with Multi-Caf, a local organization focused on combating food insecurity in the neighbourhood. The site has a vegetable garden developed in partnership with the YMCA to introduce youth to urban agriculture and gardening. This collaboration highlights the corridor’s transition from a primarily ecological initiative to a multifaceted project that addresses pressing social needs.

The Darlington Ecological Corridor has influenced ecological corridor movements in other boroughs across the city, prompting a similar initiative in the Sud-Ouest. Following the borough’s first-ever participatory budget, one of the winning projects was an ecological corridor connecting the Sud-Ouest to Lasalle.

The success of the Darlington model highlights how creating more connected partners can create more connected green spaces, inviting us to think beyond land acquisition as a strategy to meet parkland needs.

Recommendations

  • Explore co-management structures as a strategy to create cohesive public space networks in areas where there are adjacent open spaces owned/managed by diverse landholders.
  • Involve community organizations as key partners in decision-making to ensure the project has local buy-in and is responsive to community needs, even if that means evolving the scope of the project.
  • Maximize both the environmental and social impacts of ecological corridors by not only designing for biodiversity, but also creating opportunities for community involvement and addressing social needs.

More on this topic:

How the City of North Vancouver is addressing the inclusion gap in park stewardship programs

This case study is part of the 2023 Canadian City Parks Report, showcasing Inspiring projects, people, and policies from across Canada that offer tangible solutions to the most pressing challenges facing city parks.

Summary

  • The City of North Vancouver is working to better engage equity-deserving groups in its longstanding Park Stewards program, including people who are underhoused, newcomers, and at-risk youth.
  • Outreach strategies include building partnerships with local community organizations, organizing stewardship events tailored to specific groups, and conducting participant exit interviews with honoraria.
  • Steps taken to address barriers include providing free bus passes to stewardship events, arranging for staff to travel with participants to events, and conducting regular in-person outreach visits to partner organizations.

In Park People’s recent survey of stewardship program participants in large urban parks, 97% said stewardship contributes to their mental well-being, and 90% to their physical health. Yet, our survey also hinted at critical gaps in who has access to these benefits, with participants disproportionately identifying as cis-gendered women, able-bodied and white.

Two people dealing with invasive plant in a lake, with building in the background
Park stewardship program, Stanley Park, Vancouver, Stanley Park Ecology Society

In North Vancouver, the city was noticing similar gaps in its City Park Stewards program—a city-led initiative established in 2001 that offers monthly volunteer events where residents can engage in activities like invasive pulls, native plantings, and educational workshops. To help reach under-represented groups, the city applied for a $5000 grant from BC Healthy Communities intended to support upstream health benefits in the community.

“We applied with the idea that we could enhance community cohesion and sense of belonging through the park stewardship program by increasing inclusivity and diversity.”

Anu Garcha, Planning Assistant at the City of North Vancouver

When the grant was successful, the city began outreach to partner organizations that serve diverse populations including underhoused communities, newcomers, and at-risk youth, as well as promoting through other city programs like English classes at the public library.

“Building these relationships is very important because it helps us connect with different people in the community.”

Anu Garcha

At the end of the events, city staff invite participants to share feedback about their experience in a voluntary exit interview. The interview includes prompts about whether participants felt welcome and included, the impact of the events on their sense of connection to others and the environment, and ideas for improvement. Importantly, interview participants are offered honoraria in recognition of their time and insights.

Participants have shared many benefits from the program, including discovering new green spaces, learning more about local ecology, and making new friends.

City staff are taking direction from the interviews to continue maximizing these benefits, said Angela Negenman, Environmental Coordinator at the City of North Vancouver.

A woman removing invasive plants
Park stewardship program, Lost Lagoon in Stanley Park, Vancouver

“For those experiencing homelessness, maybe this is something that could give them an edge to get a landscaping job, right? If we are able to figure out what those things are through this process, we’ll be able to improve the program.”

Angela Negenman, Environmental Coordinator at the City of North Vancouver

The conversations have also unearthed important barriers. For example, city staff learned that getting to the events can be a challenge—not just in terms of accessing transportation, but also feeling comfortable venturing to new parts of the city. In response, the city has provided free bus passes to participants, and when possible, a staff member from the partner organization accompanies participants to the park.

“I wouldn’t have thought of [these barriers] if they hadn’t been shared with us. It’s definitely eye-opening.”

Angela Negenman

The city held a community meeting with residents who selected a smaller 10,000 square foot space in the park to be a programmed pollinator habitat, which would be stewarded by the community group Cianchino created with ongoing support from the city. In the future Cianchino said she wants to implement a QR code system in locations identified for potential naturalization asking residents to let the city know how they currently use the space.

Supporting community stewards will be a key part of the project’s ongoing success. Working with volunteers, Cianchino led the group’s first “bio blitz,” where residents measure the number of pollinators before the planting of native species this fall. Cianchino also works with the group to discuss what people can do in their own yards to support naturalization efforts. The core of the Eco Park Strategy, she said, is a series of linked habitats and green corridors,

“and you can’t just do that through public land. It’s critical that we educate landowners and help them build capacity to naturalize their spaces in a manner that works for them.”

Karley Cianchino, City of Brampton Environmental Project Specialist

Another learning is that outreach is more effective ‘offline,’ through posters and in-person visits, and must be ongoing, as there is high turnover at many of these organizations. For example, participants from a local shelter are often only there for short-term stays.

It’s not just participants who benefit from the park stewards program. For the city, the program is important in educating the public, building ongoing stewardship habits, and restoring degraded natural areas.

Another unexpected benefit is a morale boost for parks staff. Negenman noted that for operations staff involved with the program, engaging directly with the community and seeing public education in action “just gives them a different perspective on the work.”

These are benefits that Negenman knows firsthand, too: “it’s definitely inspiring, it fills my bucket.”

Recommendations

  • Create a welcoming entry point for people who are new to stewardship by hosting a custom kick-off event in partnership with a local organization that serves the community you are trying to reach.
  • Conduct interviews with stewardship participants from equity-deserving communities as a way to build relationships and better understand potential barriers, being sure to offer honoraria.
  • Commit to ongoing, in-person outreach visits to community partner organizations, recognizing that there is often frequent turnover in the people these organizations serve.

How Brampton is fusing nature and recreation through its Eco Park Strategy

This case study is part of the 2023 Canadian City Parks Report, showcasing Inspiring projects, people, and policies from across Canada that offer tangible solutions to the most pressing challenges facing city parks.

Summary

  • Naturalization projects, while offering key social and environmental benefits, can also trigger community concerns due to the potential loss of park space for other activities and worries about the visual appearance of these spaces.
  • Brampton uses a citywide strategy as well as a point scoring system to locate suitable space in parks for naturalization projects in collaboration with community stewards to ensure well-informed decisions.
  • To address challenges associated with naturalization projects, focus on early internal staff buy-in, community involvement in site selection, stewardship programs, and communication with clear signage.

More cities across Canada are prioritizing the naturalization of existing parkland. Converting manicured parkland into natural meadows has multiple benefits including increasing climate resilience, biodiversity, and nature connection for residents.

Field with growing native plants and a restoration sign
Meadow Restoration Area, the Meadoway, Toronto

However, these projects have also proven controversial. For example, Vancouver’s “no-mow” pilot project, which naturalized certain sections of parks, was met with opposition by some residents who viewed the spaces as unkempt–a challenge that many other cities in Canada have reported facing.

Karley Cianchino thinks a lot about park naturalization. As City of Brampton Environmental Project Specialist, Cianchino’s job is to plan parks collaboratively with communities through the lens of nature.

Brampton prioritizes naturalization projects using its unique Eco Park Strategy–a citywide strategy that contains principles for conserving and enhancing both natural and cultural heritage. The strategy includes a helpful tool in understanding how to plan spaces, situating them on a scale from highly naturalized systems to high functioning social systems, recognizing that most places are a blend.

Diagram of naturalized and social system for the Brampton Eco Park Strategy

“If a park has a low environmental score, then we’ll look for opportunities to bring some restoration work forward.”

Karley Cianchino, City of Brampton Environmental Project Specialist

No matter how good they are, strategies have a habit of sitting on a shelf gathering dust. To ensure that doesn’t happen, Cianchino said that she does a lot of internal coordination, including a bi-monthly Eco Park meeting, as well as “casual conversations” with colleagues about new projects and discussing how to incorporate the Eco Park objectives. For example, if a park is undergoing upgrades, perhaps that’s an opportunity to incorporate naturalization work. This approach not only minimizes redundant community engagement and resource allocation but also enhances synergy between projects.

Not all of these projects go off without a hitch, however. Recently the city naturalized a large section of Dearbourne Park–the first time the city had brought its naturalization program to a busy neighbourhood park. It wasn’t received well, Cianchino said, with residents pointing out they had lost park space they used for other activities.

People coming together in a park with a Pollinator habitat sign
Community consultation, Dearbourne park pollinator habitat, City of Brampton, 2023

The city held a community meeting with residents who selected a smaller 10,000 square foot space in the park to be a programmed pollinator habitat, which would be stewarded by the community group Cianchino created with ongoing support from the city. In the future Cianchino said she wants to implement a QR code system in locations identified for potential naturalization asking residents to let the city know how they currently use the space.

Supporting community stewards will be a key part of the project’s ongoing success. Working with volunteers, Cianchino led the group’s first “bio blitz,” where residents measure the number of pollinators before the planting of native species this fall. Cianchino also works with the group to discuss what people can do in their own yards to support naturalization efforts. The core of the Eco Park Strategy, she said, is a series of linked habitats and green corridors,

“and you can’t just do that through public land. It’s critical that we educate landowners and help them build capacity to naturalize their spaces in a manner that works for them.”

Karley Cianchino, City of Brampton Environmental Project Specialist

Recommendations

  • Ensure both internal staff and community consultation on locations for naturalization projects to minimize challenges regarding operational issues and community buy-in.
  • Provide local councillors with education on naturalization benefits as well as common concerns so they’re able to speak to residents confidently and answer questions.
  • Pair naturalization projects with community stewardship opportunities to bring more residents into the project longer term and foster a sense of shared responsibility over the new spaces.

Further Reading: